清明节随感:从美国枪击案看美国宪法对人权的保护

今天刚登陆qq,又在弹出的qq新闻上看见了报道称美国纽约州发生了枪击案,而且还上腾讯网的头条,引发的讨论也是各有千秋。撇开民族矛盾和国家利益冲突看,在中国这个清明节到来之时,我仍然为这些在枪击案中不幸遇难的美国普通民众表示深深的哀悼。然而,我比较纳闷的是:包括腾讯在内的很多媒体,甚至包括一些国家的大报、党报都喜欢拿这种悲剧说事,好像是个多重要的新闻似的?我是出来打酱油的,美国的枪击案关我鸟事!

一群以逐利为目标的媒体、网站也就喜欢拿这种噱头来吸引网民眼球,你当所有人都是小白啊?同时,还有一些自诩为总编的人还喜欢在报纸上发表些无病呻吟的评论文章,头头是道的分析美国等西方国家的社会弊端,社会不安定,借此负面新闻的衬托,来歌颂中华祖国多么美好,社会主制度多么优越,还有呼吁一番所有中国人民一起为建设和谐社会而努力云云……

美国民众合法持有枪支,偶尔发生了枪击案就能否定西方社会的先进发达了?我看这也未必。我也相信社会主义社会的先进性和优越性,但是这种信念是建立在马克思恩格斯的理论基础和人格魅力上的。对于当前的中国社会主义建设中,我们是不是该看到很多问题,解决很多现实问题?而不是把时间浪费在意淫中国人民的思维,把行动停留在对西方国家制度指手画脚上。

举一个简单而个人亲生体验的事情:我从小长到大,到现在都快30岁了,还不知道什么叫明主选举,还没有真正意义上的做过一次选民。读大学的时候头一次见到了新闻栏上贴出过一些学校所在区县的几位候选人的名单,可是到后来就再也没有消息了。再后来就是那次选举已经结束,一些人当选了。我终究是不知道我的选举权和作为一个选民的权利被谁给代表了。读过中国的最高法律《宪法》的人都知道,选举和被选举权是宪法大段文字规定过的,可是

作为一个生活在中国30年的人来说,我却从没有履行过这项权利和义务,真是上天给我们这些普通百姓开的大玩笑!……

反过头来看看美国的近几年的枪击案,其实发生的几率并没有多少,只是国内媒体每每遇到这种案件时都喜欢大肆宣扬而已。这些都是些极端的实例!而在中国,每年多少事故、多少不负责任的行为带给百姓的生命财产安全损失,难道比美国的偶尔见到的枪击案小吗?同时还有多少真相还被掩埋在黑暗之中,未见天日了?在采矿行业,中国每年都有死亡几十人的大事故,看的我都麻木了;可是对比一下美国,给了国内媒体报道矿难的机会没有?几乎没有!因为美国很少发生类似重大事故:是机械化作业的程度高,管理制度严格的缘故!

所以,媒体在报道类似美国枪击案的时候,请不要断章取义,更应该向网民和受众说明新闻背后的真相:合法持有枪支是美国联邦最高法律宪法规定的不可侵犯的权利。这样,或许对提高网民对新闻价值的认知会更深刻些;这样,网民留下的评论会少一些幸灾乐祸的评论和争论不休,多一些理性认知和思考;这样,才有利于全中华民族对自身处境的认知和应当肩负的历史责任。

以下附一段网上摘下来的文字,或许对看清美国枪击案这个问题有帮助:

美国弗吉尼亚理工大学特大枪击惨案将持枪合法的问题再次纳入人们的视野。有媒体讽刺说,这不是什么新闻,不过是把过去的数字改了一下而已。据统计,1998年以来,美国校园枪击案就有8起,但是这都没有改变美国的持枪政策,弗吉尼亚惨案后白宫仍然表态不会收紧枪支管理。

有报道显示,美国的枪支拥有量在2亿3千8百万支到2亿7千6百万支之间,几乎人均一支枪。粗看来,这近乎不可思议,危机四伏。但是并不能说美国因此相当混乱,枪击案的数量尽管跟枪支拥有量有关,它也同公民素质、社会稳定度、福利等多方面因素相关。

美国的持枪合法是写在宪法中的。美国宪法第二修正案中写道:“管理良好的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需,人民持有和携带武器的权利不得侵犯。”说到底,美国的合法持枪政策最根本在于认可了人民暴力推翻政府的权力。在美国民众看来,政府与人民是对立的,政府的权力空间扩大意味着民众权利的压缩。那么如果政府屡屡如此,如果人民无法用非暴力手段获得自由与权利,可以拿起手中的武器推翻它。这样的宪法条例不得不让人肃然起敬。但同时,我也怀疑其实施初衷到底能够实现几分?

是否只有持枪才可以保障公民的这些权利?可以合法持枪是不是就一定能保障这些权利呢?报道称,允许公民持枪的国家,警察武器的配置会比公民可以买到的枪性能各方面都好,以保障警察的安全,可见即便动用起暴力,公民也是处于弱势的。更不要说警察、军队训练有素,而普通民众即使是民兵又有多少可以达到这个层次。此外,在一个真正的法制国家,手枪保障公民合法权益不受侵犯,绝大多数只能在正当防卫的情况下,诚然这确实是为公民的安全提供了保障系数。但是另一方面,防卫者可以合法持枪,侵犯者也是可以持枪的。如此一来,防卫性的效果必然大大折扣,恐怕更坏的是蓄谋的侵犯者屡屡持枪得逞,而防卫者恰好未持枪或者来不及开枪。比如被刺杀的肯尼迪,又如此次的弗吉尼亚惨案一样,32名受害者毫无还手之力而被屠杀。自由的代价是惨痛的,无怪乎裴多菲说“生命诚可贵,爱情价更高。若为自由故,二者皆可抛”。美国人民在每次的枪支管理问题上激烈辩论,最终仍然保留着制宪者的初衷,这真是一个珍视自由的国度,愿意为自由承担一次次惨痛的代价。自由女神是美国自由民主精神的象征,那么枪支管理更是这个国家自由民主的最真实实践,一次次鲜血的实践。

尽管我这样的局外人认为这样的实践并没有太大的意义,尽管我认为这也是如自由女神般的象征,但是尊重他们的选择吧。

The United States constitution, which was written over two hundred years ago, enshrines an individual’s right to keep and bear arms.

In 2000, the FBI estimated that 66% of the 15,517 murders that year were committed with firearms.

Fatal shootings in recent years, many involving teenagers, has made the issue of gun control a key debate in US politics.

The United States has the largest number of guns in private hands of any country in the world with 60 million people owning a combined arsenal of over 200 million firearms.

The US constitution, which was written in 1787, enshrines the people’s right to keep and bear arms in its Second Amendment.

It reads: ‘A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.’

Although guns are permitted everywhere, the laws governing gun use vary considerably from state to state.

Gun Control, Not Prohibition

Amending the Constitution to prohibit guns is rarely discussed as many Americans view the right to bear arms as an important civil liberty.

Instead, the issue is whether or not it is lawful to impose stricter controls on gun usage.

Proposed gun control legislation has concerned child-proof locks, background checks on gun purchasers, the outlawing of some types of assault weapons and, most recently, the creation of a nationwide database of ballistic fingerprints in order to track the movement of the nation’s guns.

American opinion is divided between those who insist on the universal right to bear arms and those who advocate stricter controls.

The influential firearms lobby, headed by the National Rifle Association (NRA), believes gun ownership to be a personal and moral right and dismisses the link between gun ownership and high gun violence with its slogan ‘Guns don’t kill people, people kill people.’

Advocates of firearm control argue that the Second Amendment is anachronistic belonging to the long-gone days of the frontier. They point to the high levels of gun-related murder and violent crime in the US to stress the need for reform.

The issue of removing the number of guns that are already in circulation is rarely discussed.

More Controls

In the past decade, public opinion has been gradually moved in favour of stricter gun control laws. In January 2001, 59% of the respondents in an ABC News/Washington Post survey said they favoured stricter gun control laws.

After the horrific events in 1999 at Columbine High School in Colorado when two students shot dead 13 fellow students and each other, polls showed that two-thirds of Americans supported greater gun control measures. Moreover, 15 state legislatures passed significant gun control bills.

The case of the Washington Sniper, who terrorised the suburbs of the nation’s capital in late 2002 in a month-long shooting spree, killing 10 people and seriously wounding three, swiftly brought the issue of gun control onto the table once again.

However, any new gun control legislation that comes before the Congress is sure to be vetoed by President George W. Bush, who is a long-time ally of the NRA.

While he was governor of Texas, the President signed laws making it legal to carry concealed weapons and difficult for citizens to sue gun manufacturers.

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1 Comment »

  1. Comment by FengmingYue

    GOOD

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